I've gotten some informative and engaging comments from very knowledgeable readers in response to my column Friday about trying to solve the energy problem. Like this one from a nuclear engineer in California:
Our dependence on petroleum for liquid transportation fuels is a real problem. But calls for a new Manhattan Project forget one important distinction between the situation then and now. Nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 and was immediately recognized as a profound event. Chemical reactions proceed with energies of 2 to 5 electron volts. Fission of a single atom of uranium yields 200,000,000 electron volts. The potential for utilizing a source of energy one hundred million times more concentrated that any known earlier was the direct stimulus for the Manhattan Project.
The situation today is different. There are no new energy sources of recent discovery, let alone one eight orders of magnitude more powerful than those previously exploited. What we are seeing is that sources weaker, more diffuse, and less controllable are being pushed forward - wind, solar, biomass, tidal are all of piddly potential and unsuited to the market needs of today's industrial society. Many proponents are no doubt sincere in their advocacy yet they always seem to want taxpayer handouts but produce little energy and little progress. Efforts like the Manhattan Project and Apollo are not new science, they are only the engineering exploitation of new science.
The "alternative energy" sources will not solve our problems and only represent a diversion of capital and talent. They are false hopes.
Investments in basic research in physics are wise but can offer no promise of ever delivering, much less to any schedule.
In the mean time, we have to make some hard choices, some of them certain to produce loud and fervent political opposition. For transport fuel, the urgent program should be using fission reactors to make hydrogen on a commercial scale. This is worthy of a Manhattan Project effort. Note that the end-user may well not directly consume hydrogen. Combining hydrogen with the carbon in coal can produce liquid hydrocarbons usable in existing distribution and consumptive infrastructure.
The second critical policy decision should be to avoid the use of imported liquefied natural gas for electric power generation. Why set ourselves up for dependency on imported fuel for electricity just like we're dependent today for transport? Here in California we're rushing headlong in that direction and I see it elsewhere in the country too.
Or this one from reader C.D.:
As an engineer with experience in the electrical "Energy Sector" I am going to break the bad news to you, alternative energy will NEVER be more then a small amount (until fusion is discovered) of the total amount of electrical energy generated in this country. While I am not experienced in the "oil sector" we will always need oil not just for gas but for many other manufacturing (paint as example) processes.
The other area that many people don't seem to understand is unbelievable amount of infrastructure (cost in many billions) needed to support a change to something like ethanol , natural gas, propane , hydrogen, biodiesel* , electricity, methanol.
On top of that each of these has an inherent weaknesses lets take hydrogen as an example. Contrary to what you hear hydrogen is not free, the best (i.e.easiest source of) hydrogen is not the air its natural gas, which comes from guess where, yes, thats right, under ground with oil. Yes, you can get hydrogen from the water but it takes much (I mean a lot ) more energy then you would ever get back to separate the hydrogen atoms. You name an alternative and believe me I can easily show you how unlikely it will be that any of the alternatives will (for the most part) replace oil.
What should we do? In my mind is start drilling, where ever we can find oil. There is oil shale with a huge amount of embedded oil . It wont be cheap to separate the oil out, I have seen estimates that say break even is about $70 a barrel but better that nothing. The facts are clear (at least to me) we need oil, you can wish, hope and even pray for something else but it not going to happen anytime soon.
And finally this one, from reader J.O.:
I read your article today with interest. I too am frustrated with the energy mess, but first I'd like to address a few of your assertions.
According to this source, the Model T got 12-14 MPG, had 20 HP, weighed 1200 LBS, topped out at 30 MPH, despite not being encumbered with pollution control systems and air conditioning. Today's cars typically get about 25 MPG, boast 150 HP, weigh 3500 LBS, approach 100 MPH, and run far cleaner. If you page down at this site (graphic 2) you will see that in the last century the efficiency of the internal combustion engine has increased from about 4% to more than 40%. That's still low, but the improvement is 1,000%! Not too shabby, I'd say. The journey to get there might have been accelerated somewhat if governments had somehow focused more resources and pressure on the industry, but I doubt that we'd be a whole lot farther along. If my engineering education doesn't fail me, there are certain innate weaknesses in the "Otto Cycle", the technical name for the process used by most of our cars. The advances over those 100 years required many incremental advancements in technology.
You have also used the example of NASA's trek to the moon in under 10 years. Certainly it was a marvelous achievement, but it largely used existing technology and mathematics. Furthermore, it was basically a linear project involving a relatively small organization. So it was possible to focus NASA on the task at hand. I don't believe today's NASA would have a chance of achieving such a feat. Similarly, while I know less about nuclear energy, the Manhattan Project was narrow and supported by existing theory (math and physics). Note also that these were not private efforts. Are you suggesting that the Government should take on alternative energy by itself?
The whole of this issue is enormous. Hybrids, fuel cells, biofuels, diesel, electric cars. Popular Mechanics has a nice comparison of all these options and more. Here is the entire article. I think their analysis is lacking, but the facts are very useful. In short, these technologies have enormous remaining technical hurdles before they could replace our existing cars. In addition, in most cases, they are far too pricy when compared to gasoline today.
The President has thrown his weight behind ethanol. I strongly support Bush, I'm afraid that won't get us too far. We will certainly be able to implement ethanol-gasoline blends, but they will increase the cost and only slightly reduce our dependency on foreign oil. I agree that CAFÉ standards should have been raised sooner and farther, but that too will only help a little. I'm betting on electric cars. Electricity can be made (at high efficiency) from numerous fuels, including nuclear power. Motors don't pollute and are very reliable. The big issue is batteries. But those are getting better and could be designed to be swapped when drained. But I could be wrong.
And that's the point. The answer could lie in any of these technologies, or one that we haven't thought of yet. It's not a linear problem. We need people working in all directions. And that's what we have. We also need staying power, but have become notoriously impatient. We get instant info on the web, instant cash at ATMs, and on and on. We have a constant parade of more cell phone features that we didn't even know we needed. If we think about some improvement, we expect it to happen right away. Well, it won't happen with energy (or various other worldwide problems). It will be more like the improvement of the engine. It seems like it hasn't changed at all, but in fact its evolution is quite remarkable.
Again, we need patience and a strong dose of reality. Our system of free enterprise, not the Government, will solve the problem. But in the meantime we will endure higher prices and plenty of fits and starts.
A couple of points with respect to this last email. First, for the record, my stats on the mileage for the Ford Model T were taken from this page at the X-Prize Foundation page for their upcoming automotive prize which sourced the claim to a Detroit News article from June 2003. After tracking down the text of the article, it looks like the claim comes from a Sierra Club ad and thus may be a bit suspect. (Wikipedia also lists the fuel economy of the Model T at 25-30 miles per gallon).
J.O. makes a number of good points about the scope and the scale of some of the difficult questions involved, which I didn't get into due to space considerations. The Popular Mechanics chart is actually one of the things that first got me thinking about this column because it demonstrates that right now there doesn't look to be much of a consensus as to which direction we might be, or should be, heading with respect to alternative fuels.
Absent that, it's almost impossible to tackle the other huge issue, which is delivery. Consumers aren't going to buy cars that run on vegetable oil, or hydrogen, or anything else unless and until there is a delivery system in place that allows them to refuel vehicles with a certain level of ease and efficiency.
Lastly, the point of my column was about the lack of political leadership on the energy issue. As I said, we already have a lot of very smart people working on the problem in places like the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Colorado, at the National Commission on Energy Policy, and very soon, groups will begin competing for the X Prize Foundation's automotive prize.
It seems to me the government could play a valuable role in designating the energy issue as an urgent national priority and helping fund and coordinate efforts a la the Manhattan Project. Even if, as the first emailer suggests, alternative energy sources are "false hopes" and the only true long term promise lies in R&D of fission reactors, that would be a valuable conclusion/policy determination to make.