November 15, 2005
21st Century Piracy: Long John Isn't Long Gone By
Austin
Bay
Long John Silver personified the romantic literature's image of
the pirate. "Treasure Island's" pirate chief was a greedy killer,
but his occasional displays of heart and humor elevated him above
the usual sea mobster. Young Hawkins admired Long John -- Robert
Louis Stevenson's novel is a boy's adventure story -- but Hawkins
also had the good British sense to fear the brutal man.
Jean Lafitte, real world pirate and onetime lord of Galveston Island,
gave Andy Jackson a hand at the Battle of New Orleans, but rapacious
murderers like Blackbeard (nom de guerre of Edward Teach) and Henry
Morgan have little historical upside.
Two great counter-piracy campaigns have immediate 21st century resonance.
Battling pirates along North Africa's Barbary Coast (Tripoli, Tunis
and Algiers) brought the United States into its first clash with
renegade Muslim warlords. The Pasha of Tripoli ran a protection
racket, demanding "tribute" in return for safe passage of ships.
The U.S. Navy responded with cannon, and the war simmered for 15
years (1801 to 1815). The French finally ended the Barbary threat
to commerce when they conquered Algeria. Historical ironists now
suggest Paris' riotous North African suburbs may be conquering France.
In the 19th century, Britain's Royal Navy fought pirates worldwide,
more or less serving as a global sea sheriff, with the U.S. Navy
an increasingly powerful counter-pirate ally.
World Wars I and II clamped down on pirates, as numerous first-class
naval vessels patrolled even the most isolated waters. Piracy, however,
never disappeared. Coastal piracy continued along East Africa's
littoral. Milton Caniff's 1930s cartoon series, "Terry and the Pirates,"
romanticized the Asian crime scene, but did so with a kernel of
truth. "Jungle pirates" plagued the myriad coves of Asia's southeast
coast and the East Indies archipelago.
The War on Terror features counter-pirate operations. Singapore's
Internal Security Department told me in 2002 that the difference
between battling pirates and stopping terrorists is often slight.
The Straits of Malacca, located between Singapore and Indonesia,
is a prime terror target. The strait is jammed with container ships
and oil tankers. In fall 2001, a CENTCOM officer and I explored
several "ship assault" scenarios in the straits. One scenario had
the plotscape of a novel, with Indonesian or Malaysian pirates helping
al-Qaida operatives hijack a tanker. Spilling a million barrels
of crude creates an eco-disaster. Sinking the tanker drives maritime
insurance rates sky-high.
In June 2005, I received two briefings from CENTCOM naval officers
on coalition naval operations off Africa's Somali coast and in the
Red Sea. Chasing pirates is a key mission. Stopping piracy protects
African and Arab fishermen and shippers, so it's good politics.
There's also little doubt that al-Qaida has paid local pirates to
smuggle personnel and weapons.
Naval patrols off Somalia, however, didn't deter last week's audacious
-- and unsuccessful -- pirate assault on the cruise liner Seabourn
Spirit. Somali pirates, riding in small boats, attacked with rocket-propelled
grenades and automatic weapons. The liner's captain and crew maneuvered
their ship, using it as a weapon -- it's big, and it generates a
massive wake. The liner also employed a directional "parabolic audio
boom-box." The non-lethal "sonic weapon" emitted an eardrum-shattering
sound. The frustrated pirates retreated.
The Somali attack generated international headlines. Though international
monitors recorded 259 "piratical incidents" in the first nine months
of this year, piracy receives very little media coverage.
The spike in media interest may give Jack Gottschalk and Brian Flanagan
a belated bestseller. Their "Jolly Roger With an Uzi: The Rise and
Threat of Modern Piracy," published by the Naval Institute Press
in 2000, documented the rise of "new piracy," to include smuggling
and maritime scams, as well as terrorists operating at sea.
Gottschalk and Flanagan identify three "requirements" for piracy,
which apply to Viking pirate raiders as well as contemporary Somali
sea thieves: 1) Pirates prowl waterways where the targets are lucrative.
2) "The geographic area where pirates prey must be one in which
the risk level of detection is acceptable." 3) If possible, pirates
have "safe havens" where they can "hide, seek repairs and obtain
supplies."
Combating piracy takes good intelligence. The authors also offer
this warning: Piracy "has never been reduced through any process
of negotiation." Historically, only armed force suppresses pirates.
